Contents

• Using This Manual
  • What's In This Manual
  • What's in the Other Manuals
  • Typographical Conventions
  • Mathematical Conventions
  • Technical Support
    • Contacting Technical Support
• 1. Starting and Executing FLUENT
  • 1.1 Starting FLUENT
    • 1.1.1 Single-Precision and Double-Precision Solvers
    • 1.1.2 Starting FLUENT on a UNIX System
    • 1.1.3 Starting FLUENT on a Windows System
    • 1.1.4 Remote Simulation Facility (RSF)
    • 1.1.5 Startup Options
  • 1.2 Remote Execution
    • 1.2.1 Overview and Limitations
    • 1.2.2 Steps for Running on a Remote Machine
    • 1.2.3 Starting the Solver Manually on the Remote Machine
    • 1.2.4 Executing Remotely by Reading a Case File
  • 1.3 Batch Execution
    • 1.3.1 Background Execution on UNIX Systems
    • 1.3.2 Background Execution on Windows Systems
    • 1.3.3 Batch Execution Options
  • 1.4 Checkpointing a FLUENT Simulation
  • 1.5 Cleaning Up Processes From a FLUENT Simulation
  • 1.6 Exiting the Program
• 2. Graphical User Interface (GUI)
  • 2.1 GUI Components
    • 2.1.1 Console
    • 2.1.2 Dialog Boxes
    • 2.1.3 Panels
    • 2.1.4 Graphics Display Windows
  • 2.2 Customizing the Graphical User Interface (UNIX Systems Only)
  • 2.3 Using the GUI Help System
    • 2.3.1 Panel Help
    • 2.3.2 Context-Sensitive Help (UNIX Only)
    • 2.3.3 Opening the User's Guide Table of Contents
    • 2.3.4 Opening the User's Guide Index
    • 2.3.5 Opening the Reference Guide
    • 2.3.6 Help on Help
    • 2.3.7 Help for Text Interface Commands
    • 2.3.8 Accessing the Other Manuals
    • 2.3.9 Accessing the User Services Center Web Site
    • 2.3.10 Accessing the Fluent Online Technical Support Web Site
    • 2.3.11 Obtaining a Listing of Other FLUENT License Users
    • 2.3.12 Version and Release Information
• 3. Text User Interface (TUI)
  • 3.1 Text Menu System
    • 3.1.1 Command Abbreviation
    • 3.1.2 Scheme Evaluation
    • 3.1.3 Aliases
  • 3.2 Text Prompt System
    • 3.2.1 Numbers
    • 3.2.2 Booleans
    • 3.2.3 Strings
    • 3.2.4 Symbols
    • 3.2.5 Filenames
    • 3.2.6 Lists
    • 3.2.7 Evaluation
    • 3.2.8 Default Value Binding
  • 3.3 Interrupts
  • 3.4 System Commands
    • 3.4.1 System Commands for UNIX-based Operating Systems
    • 3.4.2 System Commands for Windows Operating Systems
  • 3.5 Text Menu Input from Character Strings
  • 3.6 Using the Text Interface Help System
• 4. Reading and Writing Files
  • 4.1 Shortcuts for Reading and Writing Files
    • 4.1.1 Default File Suffixes
    • 4.1.2 Binary Files
    • 4.1.3 Detecting File Format
    • 4.1.4 Recent File List
    • 4.1.5 Reading and Writing Compressed Files
    • 4.1.6 Tilde Expansion (UNIX Systems Only)
    • 4.1.7 Automatic Numbering of Files
    • 4.1.8 Disabling the Overwrite Confirmation Prompt
  • 4.2 Reading Mesh Files
    • 4.2.1 Reading TGrid Mesh Files
    • 4.2.2 Reading Surface Meshes
    • 4.2.3 Reading and Importing GAMBIT and GeoMesh Mesh Files
    • 4.2.4 Reading PreBFC Unstructured Mesh Files
    • 4.2.5 Importing PreBFC Structured Mesh Files
    • 4.2.6 Importing ANSYS Files
    • 4.2.7 Importing I-deas Universal Files
    • 4.2.8 Importing NASTRAN Files
    • 4.2.9 Importing PATRAN Neutral Files
    • 4.2.10 Importing Meshes and Data in CGNS Format
  • 4.3 Reading and Writing Case and Data Files
    • 4.3.1 Reading and Writing Case Files
    • 4.3.2 Reading and Writing Data Files
    • 4.3.3 Reading and Writing Case and Data Files Together
    • 4.3.4 Automatic Saving of Case and Data Files
  • 4.4 Reading FLUENT/UNS and RAMPANT Case and Data Files
  • 4.5 Importing FLUENT 4 Case Files
  • 4.6 Importing FIDAP Neutral Files
  • 4.7 Creating and Reading Journal Files
    • 4.7.1 User Inputs
  • 4.8 Creating Transcript Files
    • 4.8.1 User Inputs
  • 4.9 Reading and Writing Profile Files
  • 4.10 Reading and Writing Boundary Conditions
  • 4.11 Writing a Boundary Grid
  • 4.12 Saving Hardcopy Files
    • 4.12.1 Using the Graphics Hardcopy Panel
  • 4.13 Exporting Data
    • 4.13.1 Using the Export Panel
    • 4.13.2 Export File Formats
  • 4.14 Grid-to-Grid Solution Interpolation
    • 4.14.1 Performing Grid-to-Grid Solution Interpolation
    • 4.14.2 Format of the Interpolation File
  • 4.15 Reading Scheme Source Files
  • 4.16 The .fluent File
  • 4.17 Saving the Panel Layout
• 5. Unit Systems
  • 5.1 Restrictions on Units
  • 5.2 Units in Grid Files
  • 5.3 Built-In Unit Systems in FLUENT
  • 5.4 Customizing Units
• 6. Reading and Manipulating Grids
  • 6.1 Grid Topologies
    • 6.1.1 Examples of Acceptable Grid Topologies
    • 6.1.2 Face-Node Connectivity in FLUENT
    • 6.1.3 Choosing the Appropriate Grid Type
  • 6.2 Grid Requirements and Considerations
    • 6.2.1 Geometry/Grid Requirements
    • 6.2.2 Mesh Quality
  • 6.3 Grid Import
    • 6.3.1 GAMBIT Grid Files
    • 6.3.2 GeoMesh Grid Files
    • 6.3.3 TGrid Grid Files
    • 6.3.4 PreBFC Grid Files
    • 6.3.5 ICEMCFD Grid Files
    • 6.3.6 Grid Files from Third-Party CAD Packages
    • 6.3.7 FLUENT/UNS and RAMPANT Case Files
    • 6.3.8 FLUENT 4 Case Files
    • 6.3.9 FIDAP Neutral Files
    • 6.3.10 Reading Multiple Mesh/Case/Data Files
    • 6.3.11 Reading Surface Mesh Files
  • 6.4 Non-Conformal Grids
    • 6.4.1 Non-Conformal Grid Calculations
    • 6.4.2 Requirements and Limitations of Non-Conformal Grids
    • 6.4.3 Using a Non-Conformal Grid in FLUENT
    • 6.4.4 Starting From a FLUENT/UNS or RAMPANT Case
  • 6.5 Checking the Grid
    • 6.5.1 Grid Check Information
    • 6.5.2 Repairing Duplicate Shadow Nodes
  • 6.6 Reporting Grid Statistics
    • 6.6.1 Grid Size
    • 6.6.2 Memory Usage
    • 6.6.3 Grid Zone Information
    • 6.6.4 Partition Statistics
  • 6.7 Modifying the Grid
    • 6.7.1 Scaling the Grid
    • 6.7.2 Translating the Grid
    • 6.7.3 Rotating the Grid
    • 6.7.4 Merging Zones
    • 6.7.5 Separating Zones
    • 6.7.6 Creating Periodic Zones
    • 6.7.7 Slitting Periodic Zones
    • 6.7.8 Fusing Face Zones
    • 6.7.9 Slitting Face Zones
    • 6.7.10 Extruding Face Zones
    • 6.7.11 Reordering the Domain and Zones
    • 6.7.12 Replacing, Deleting, Deactivating, and Activating Zones
• 7. Boundary Conditions
  • 7.1 Overview of Defining Boundary Conditions
    • 7.1.1 Available Boundary Types
    • 7.1.2 The Boundary Conditions Panel
    • 7.1.3 Changing Boundary Zone Types
    • 7.1.4 Setting Boundary Conditions
    • 7.1.5 Copying Boundary Conditions
    • 7.1.6 Selecting Boundary Zones in the Graphics Display
    • 7.1.7 Changing Boundary Zone Names
    • 7.1.8 Defining Non-Uniform Boundary Conditions
    • 7.1.9 Defining Transient Boundary Conditions
    • 7.1.10 Saving and Reusing Boundary Conditions
  • 7.2 Flow Inlets and Exits
    • 7.2.1 Using Flow Boundary Conditions
    • 7.2.2 Determining Turbulence Parameters
  • 7.3 Pressure Inlet Boundary Conditions
    • 7.3.1 Inputs at Pressure Inlet Boundaries
    • 7.3.2 Default Settings at Pressure Inlet Boundaries
    • 7.3.3 Calculation Procedure at Pressure Inlet Boundaries
  • 7.4 Velocity Inlet Boundary Conditions
    • 7.4.1 Inputs at Velocity Inlet Boundaries
    • 7.4.2 Default Settings at Velocity Inlet Boundaries
    • 7.4.3 Calculation Procedure at Velocity Inlet Boundaries
  • 7.5 Mass Flow Inlet Boundary Conditions
    • 7.5.1 Inputs at Mass Flow Inlet Boundaries
    • 7.5.2 Default Settings at Mass Flow Inlet Boundaries
    • 7.5.3 Calculation Procedure at Mass Flow Inlet Boundaries
  • 7.6 Inlet Vent Boundary Conditions
    • 7.6.1 Inputs at Inlet Vent Boundaries
  • 7.7 Intake Fan Boundary Conditions
    • 7.7.1 Inputs at Intake Fan Boundaries
  • 7.8 Pressure Outlet Boundary Conditions
    • 7.8.1 Inputs at Pressure Outlet Boundaries
    • 7.8.2 Default Settings at Pressure Outlet Boundaries
    • 7.8.3 Calculation Procedure at Pressure Outlet Boundaries
    • 7.8.4 Other Optional Inputs at Pressure Outlet Boundaries
  • 7.9 Pressure Far-Field Boundary Conditions
    • 7.9.1 Inputs at Pressure Far-Field Boundaries
    • 7.9.2 Default Settings at Pressure Far-Field Boundaries
    • 7.9.3 Calculation Procedure at Pressure Far-Field Boundaries
  • 7.10 Outflow Boundary Conditions
    • 7.10.1 FLUENT's Treatment at Outflow Boundaries
    • 7.10.2 Using Outflow Boundaries
    • 7.10.3 Mass Flow Split Boundary Conditions
    • 7.10.4 Other Inputs at Outflow Boundaries
  • 7.11 Outlet Vent Boundary Conditions
    • 7.11.1 Inputs at Outlet Vent Boundaries
  • 7.12 Exhaust Fan Boundary Conditions
    • 7.12.1 Inputs at Exhaust Fan Boundaries
  • 7.13 Wall Boundary Conditions
    • 7.13.1 Inputs at Wall Boundaries
    • 7.13.2 Default Settings at Wall Boundaries
    • 7.13.3 Shear-Stress Calculation Procedure at Wall Boundaries
    • 7.13.4 Heat Transfer Calculations at Wall Boundaries
  • 7.14 Symmetry Boundary Conditions
    • 7.14.1 Examples of Symmetry Boundaries
    • 7.14.2 Calculation Procedure at Symmetry Boundaries
  • 7.15 Periodic Boundary Conditions
    • 7.15.1 Examples of Periodic Boundaries
    • 7.15.2 Inputs for Periodic Boundaries
    • 7.15.3 Default Settings at Periodic Boundaries
    • 7.15.4 Calculation Procedure at Periodic Boundaries
  • 7.16 Axis Boundary Conditions
  • 7.17 Fluid Conditions
    • 7.17.1 Inputs for Fluid Zones
  • 7.18 Solid Conditions
    • 7.18.1 Inputs for Solid Zones
  • 7.19 Porous Media Conditions
    • 7.19.1 Limitations and Assumptions of the Porous Media Model
    • 7.19.2 Momentum Equations for Porous Media
    • 7.19.3 Treatment of the Energy Equation in Porous Media
    • 7.19.4 Treatment of Turbulence in Porous Media
    • 7.19.5 Effect of Porosity on Transient Scalar Equations
    • 7.19.6 User Inputs for Porous Media
    • 7.19.7 Modeling Porous Media Based on Physical Velocity
    • 7.19.8 Solution Strategies for Porous Media
    • 7.19.9 Postprocessing for Porous Media
  • 7.20 Fan Boundary Conditions
    • 7.20.1 Fan Equations
    • 7.20.2 User Inputs for Fans
    • 7.20.3 Postprocessing for Fans
  • 7.21 Radiator Boundary Conditions
    • 7.21.1 Radiator Equations
    • 7.21.2 User Inputs for Radiators
    • 7.21.3 Postprocessing for Radiators
  • 7.22 Porous Jump Boundary Conditions
  • 7.23 Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions
    • 7.23.1 Turbo-specific Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions
    • 7.23.2 General Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions
  • 7.24 User-Defined Fan Model
    • 7.24.1 Steps for Using the User-Defined Fan Model
    • 7.24.2 Example of a User-Defined Fan
  • 7.25 Heat Exchanger Models
    • 7.25.1 Overview and Restrictions of the Heat Exchanger Models
    • 7.25.2 Heat Exchanger Model Theory
    • 7.25.3 Using the Heat Exchanger Model
    • 7.25.4 Using the Heat Exchanger Group
    • 7.25.5 Postprocessing for the Heat Exchanger Model
  • 7.26 Boundary Profiles
    • 7.26.1 Boundary Profile Specification Types
    • 7.26.2 Boundary Profile File Format
    • 7.26.3 Using Boundary Profiles
    • 7.26.4 Reorienting Boundary Profiles
  • 7.27 Fixing the Values of Variables
    • 7.27.1 Overview of Fixing the Value of a Variable
    • 7.27.2 Procedure for Fixing Values of Variables in a Zone
  • 7.28 Defining Mass, Momentum, Energy, and Other Sources
    • 7.28.1 Procedure for Defining Sources
  • 7.29 Coupling Boundary Conditions with GT-Power
    • 7.29.1 Requirements and Restrictions
    • 7.29.2 User Inputs
  • 7.30 Coupling Boundary Conditions with WAVE
    • 7.30.1 Requirements and Restrictions
    • 7.30.2 User Inputs
• 8. Physical Properties
  • 8.1 Defining Materials
    • 8.1.1 Material Types and Databases
    • 8.1.2 Using the Materials Panel
    • 8.1.3 Using a User-Defined Materials Database
  • 8.2 Defining Properties Using Temperature-Dependent Functions
    • 8.2.1 Inputs for Polynomial Functions
    • 8.2.2 Inputs for Piecewise-Linear Functions
    • 8.2.3 Inputs for Piecewise-Polynomial Functions
    • 8.2.4 Checking and Modifying Existing Profiles
  • 8.3 Density
    • 8.3.1 Defining Density for Various Flow Regimes
    • 8.3.2 Input of Constant Density
    • 8.3.3 Inputs for the Boussinesq Approximation
    • 8.3.4 Density as a Profile Function of Temperature
    • 8.3.5 Incompressible Ideal Gas Law
    • 8.3.6 Ideal Gas Law for Compressible Flows
    • 8.3.7 Composition-Dependent Density for Multicomponent Mixtures
  • 8.4 Viscosity
    • 8.4.1 Input of Constant Viscosity
    • 8.4.2 Viscosity as a Function of Temperature
    • 8.4.3 Defining the Viscosity Using Kinetic Theory
    • 8.4.4 Composition-Dependent Viscosity for Multicomponent Mixtures
    • 8.4.5 Viscosity for Non-Newtonian Fluids
  • 8.5 Thermal Conductivity
    • 8.5.1 Input of Constant Thermal Conductivity
    • 8.5.2 Thermal Conductivity as a Function of Temperature
    • 8.5.3 Defining the Thermal Conductivity Using Kinetic Theory
    • 8.5.4 Composition-Dependent Thermal Conductivity for Multicomponent Mixtures
    • 8.5.5 Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity for Solids
  • 8.6 Specific Heat Capacity
    • 8.6.1 Input of Constant Specific Heat Capacity
    • 8.6.2 Specific Heat Capacity as a Function of Temperature
    • 8.6.3 Defining Specific Heat Capacity Using Kinetic Theory
    • 8.6.4 Specific Heat Capacity as a Function of Composition
  • 8.7 Radiation Properties
    • 8.7.1 Absorption Coefficient
    • 8.7.2 Scattering Coefficient
    • 8.7.3 Refractive Index
    • 8.7.4 Reporting the Radiation Properties
  • 8.8 Mass Diffusion Coefficients
    • 8.8.1 Fickian Diffusion
    • 8.8.2 Full Multicomponent Diffusion
    • 8.8.3 Thermal Diffusion Coefficients
    • 8.8.4 Mass Diffusion Coefficient Inputs
    • 8.8.5 Mass Diffusion Coefficient Inputs for Turbulent Flow
  • 8.9 Standard State Enthalpies
  • 8.10 Standard State Entropies
  • 8.11 Molecular Heat Transfer Coefficient
  • 8.12 Kinetic Theory Parameters
  • 8.13 Operating Pressure
    • 8.13.1 The Effect of Numerical Roundoff on Pressure Calculation in Low-Mach-Number Flow
    • 8.13.2 Operating Pressure, Gauge Pressure, and Absolute Pressure
    • 8.13.3 Setting the Operating Pressure
  • 8.14 Reference Pressure Location
  • 8.15 Real Gas Models
    • 8.15.1 The NIST Real Gas Model
    • 8.15.2 The User-Defined Real Gas Model
• 9. Modeling Basic Fluid Flow
  • 9.1 Overview of Physical Models in FLUENT
  • 9.2 Continuity and Momentum Equations
  • 9.3 Periodic Flows
    • 9.3.1 Overview and Limitations
    • 9.3.2 Theory
    • 9.3.3 User Inputs for the Segregated Solver
    • 9.3.4 User Inputs for the Coupled Solvers
    • 9.3.5 Monitoring the Value of the Pressure Gradient
    • 9.3.6 Postprocessing for Streamwise-Periodic Flows
  • 9.4 Swirling and Rotating Flows
    • 9.4.1 Overview of Swirling and Rotating Flows
    • 9.4.2 Physics of Swirling and Rotating Flows
    • 9.4.3 Turbulence Modeling in Swirling Flows
    • 9.4.4 Grid Setup for Swirling and Rotating Flows
    • 9.4.5 Modeling Axisymmetric Flows with Swirl or Rotation
  • 9.5 Compressible Flows
    • 9.5.1 When to Use the Compressible Flow Model
    • 9.5.2 Physics of Compressible Flows
    • 9.5.3 Modeling Inputs for Compressible Flows
    • 9.5.4 Floating Operating Pressure
    • 9.5.5 Solution Strategies for Compressible Flows
    • 9.5.6 Reporting of Results for Compressible Flows
  • 9.6 Inviscid Flows
    • 9.6.1 Euler Equations
    • 9.6.2 Setting Up an Inviscid Flow Model
    • 9.6.3 Solution Strategies for Inviscid Flows
    • 9.6.4 Postprocessing for Inviscid Flows
• 10. Modeling Flows in Moving and Deforming Zones
  • 10.1 Overview of Moving Zone Approaches
  • 10.2 Flow in a Rotating Reference Frame
    • 10.2.1 Overview
    • 10.2.2 Equations for a Rotating Reference Frame
    • 10.2.3 Grid Setup for a Single Rotating Reference Frame
    • 10.2.4 Problem Setup for a Single Rotating Reference Frame
    • 10.2.5 Choosing the Relative or Absolute Velocity Formulation
    • 10.2.6 Solution Strategies for a Rotating Reference Frame
    • 10.2.7 Postprocessing for a Single Rotating Reference Frame
  • 10.3 The Multiple Reference Frame (MRF) Model
    • 10.3.1 Overview
    • 10.3.2 The MRF Formulation
    • 10.3.3 Grid Setup for Multiple Reference Frames
    • 10.3.4 Problem Setup for Multiple Reference Frames
    • 10.3.5 Solution Strategies for Multiple Reference Frames
    • 10.3.6 Postprocessing for Multiple Reference Frames
  • 10.4 The Mixing Plane Model
    • 10.4.1 Overview and Limitations
    • 10.4.2 Mixing Plane Theory
    • 10.4.3 Problem Setup for a Mixing Plane Model
    • 10.4.4 Solution Strategies for Problems with Mixing Planes
    • 10.4.5 Postprocessing for the Mixing Plane Model
  • 10.5 Sliding Meshes
    • 10.5.1 Overview
    • 10.5.2 Sliding Mesh Theory
    • 10.5.3 Setup and Solution of a Sliding Mesh Problem
    • 10.5.4 Postprocessing for Sliding Meshes
  • 10.6 Dynamic Meshes
    • 10.6.1 Introduction
    • 10.6.2 Dynamic Mesh Conservation Equations
    • 10.6.3 Dynamic Mesh Update Methods
    • 10.6.4 Solid-Body Kinematics
    • 10.6.5 Problem Setup for Dynamic Meshes
    • 10.6.6 Setting Dynamic Mesh Modeling Parameters
    • 10.6.7 Specifying the Motion of Dynamic Zones
    • 10.6.8 Previewing the Dynamic Mesh
    • 10.6.9 Defining Dynamic Mesh Events
    • 10.6.10 Using the In-Cylinder Model
    • 10.6.11 Using the 2.5D Model
    • 10.6.12 Using the Six DOF Solver
    • 10.6.13 Using the Crevice Model
• 11. Modeling Turbulence
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 Choosing a Turbulence Model
    • 11.2.1 Reynolds-Averaged Approach vs. LES
    • 11.2.2 Reynolds (Ensemble) Averaging
    • 11.2.3 Boussinesq Approach vs. Reynolds Stress Transport Models
    • 11.2.4 The Spalart-Allmaras Model
    • 11.2.5 The Standard $k$- $\epsilon$ Model
    • 11.2.6 The RNG $k$- $\epsilon$ Model
    • 11.2.7 The Realizable $k$- $\epsilon$ Model
    • 11.2.8 The Standard $k$- $\omega$ Model
    • 11.2.9 The Shear-Stress Transport (SST) $k$- $\omega$ Model
    • 11.2.10 The $v^2$- $f$ Model
    • 11.2.11 The Reynolds Stress Model (RSM)
    • 11.2.12 Computational Effort: CPU Time and Solution Behavior
  • 11.3 The Spalart-Allmaras Model
    • 11.3.1 Transport Equation for the Spalart-Allmaras Model
    • 11.3.2 Modeling the Turbulent Viscosity
    • 11.3.3 Modeling the Turbulent Production
    • 11.3.4 Modeling the Turbulent Destruction
    • 11.3.5 Model Constants
    • 11.3.6 Wall Boundary Conditions
    • 11.3.7 Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Modeling
  • 11.4 The Standard, RNG, and Realizable $k$- $\epsilon$ Models
    • 11.4.1 The Standard $k$- $\epsilon$ Model
    • 11.4.2 The RNG $k$- $\epsilon$ Model
    • 11.4.3 The Realizable $k$- $\epsilon$ Model
    • 11.4.4 Modeling Turbulent Production in the $k$- $\epsilon$ Models
    • 11.4.5 Effects of Buoyancy on Turbulence in the $k$- $\epsilon$ Models
    • 11.4.6 Effects of Compressibility on Turbulence in the $k$- $\epsilon$ Models
    • 11.4.7 Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Modeling in the $k$- $\epsilon$ Models
  • 11.5 The Standard and SST $k$- $\omega$ Models
    • 11.5.1 The Standard $k$- $\omega$ Model
    • 11.5.2 The Shear-Stress Transport (SST) $k$- $\omega$ Model
  • 11.6 The Reynolds Stress Model (RSM)
    • 11.6.1 The Reynolds Stress Transport Equations
    • 11.6.2 Modeling Turbulent Diffusive Transport
    • 11.6.3 Modeling the Pressure-Strain Term
    • 11.6.4 Effects of Buoyancy on Turbulence
    • 11.6.5 Modeling the Turbulence Kinetic Energy
    • 11.6.6 Modeling the Dissipation Rate
    • 11.6.7 Modeling the Turbulent Viscosity
    • 11.6.8 Boundary Conditions for the Reynolds Stresses
    • 11.6.9 Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Modeling
  • 11.7 The Large Eddy Simulation (LES) Model
    • 11.7.1 Filtered Navier-Stokes Equations
    • 11.7.2 Subgrid-Scale Models
    • 11.7.3 Inlet Boundary Conditions for the LES Model
  • 11.8 The Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) Model
  • 11.9 Near-Wall Treatments for Wall-Bounded Turbulent Flows
    • 11.9.1 Overview
    • 11.9.2 Wall Functions
    • 11.9.3 Enhanced Wall Treatment
    • 11.9.4 LES Near-Wall Treatment
  • 11.10 Grid Considerations for Turbulent Flow Simulations
    • 11.10.1 Near-Wall Mesh Guidelines for Wall Functions
    • 11.10.2 Near-Wall Mesh Guidelines for the Enhanced Wall Treatment
    • 11.10.3 Near-Wall Mesh Guidelines for the Spalart-Allmaras Model
    • 11.10.4 Near-Wall Mesh Guidelines for the $k$- $\omega$ Models
    • 11.10.5 Near-Wall Mesh Guidelines for Large Eddy Simulation
  • 11.11 Problem Setup for Turbulent Flows
    • 11.11.1 Turbulence Options
    • 11.11.2 Defining Turbulence Boundary Conditions
    • 11.11.3 Providing an Initial Guess for $k$ and $\epsilon$ (or $k$ and $\omega$)
  • 11.12 Solution Strategies for Turbulent Flow Simulations
    • 11.12.1 Mesh Generation
    • 11.12.2 Accuracy
    • 11.12.3 Convergence
    • 11.12.4 RSM-Specific Solution Strategies
    • 11.12.5 LES-Specific Solution Strategies
  • 11.13 Postprocessing for Turbulent Flows
    • 11.13.1 Custom Field Functions for Turbulence
    • 11.13.2 Postprocessing LES Statistics
    • 11.13.3 Troubleshooting
• 12. Modeling Heat Transfer
  • 12.1 Overview of Heat Transfer Models in FLUENT
  • 12.2 Convective and Conductive Heat Transfer
    • 12.2.1 Theory
    • 12.2.2 User Inputs for Heat Transfer
    • 12.2.3 Solution Process for Heat Transfer
    • 12.2.4 Reporting and Displaying Heat Transfer Quantities
    • 12.2.5 Exporting Heat Flux Data
  • 12.3 Radiative Heat Transfer
    • 12.3.1 Introduction to Radiative Heat Transfer
    • 12.3.2 Choosing a Radiation Model
    • 12.3.3 The Discrete Transfer Radiation Model (DTRM)
    • 12.3.4 The P-1 Radiation Model
    • 12.3.5 The Rosseland Radiation Model
    • 12.3.6 The Discrete Ordinates (DO) Radiation Model
    • 12.3.7 The Surface-to-Surface (S2S) Radiation Model
    • 12.3.8 Solar Load Model
    • 12.3.9 Radiation in Combusting Flows
    • 12.3.10 Overview of Using the Radiation Models
    • 12.3.11 Selecting the Radiation Model
    • 12.3.12 Defining the Ray Tracing for the DTRM
    • 12.3.13 Computing or Reading the View Factors for the S2S Model
    • 12.3.14 Defining the Angular Discretization for the DO Model
    • 12.3.15 Defining Non-Gray Radiation for the DO Model
    • 12.3.16 Defining Material Properties for Radiation
    • 12.3.17 Setting Radiation Boundary Conditions
    • 12.3.18 Setting Solution Parameters for Radiation
    • 12.3.19 Solving the Problem
    • 12.3.20 Postprocessing Radiation Quantities
  • 12.4 Periodic Heat Transfer
    • 12.4.1 Overview and Limitations
    • 12.4.2 Theory
    • 12.4.3 Modeling Periodic Heat Transfer
    • 12.4.4 Solution Strategies for Periodic Heat Transfer
    • 12.4.5 Monitoring Convergence
    • 12.4.6 Postprocessing for Periodic Heat Transfer
  • 12.5 Buoyancy-Driven Flows
    • 12.5.1 Theory
    • 12.5.2 Modeling Natural Convection in a Closed Domain
    • 12.5.3 The Boussinesq Model
    • 12.5.4 User Inputs for Buoyancy-Driven Flows
    • 12.5.5 Solution Strategies for Buoyancy-Driven Flows
    • 12.5.6 Postprocessing for Buoyancy-Driven Flows
• 13. Introduction to Modeling Species Transport and Reacting Flows
  • 13.1 Overview of Species and Reaction Modeling
  • 13.2 Approaches to Reaction Modeling
    • 13.2.1 Generalized Finite-Rate Model
    • 13.2.2 Non-Premixed Combustion Model
    • 13.2.3 Premixed Combustion Model
    • 13.2.4 Partially Premixed Combustion Model
    • 13.2.5 Composition PDF Transport Combustion Model
  • 13.3 Choosing a Reaction Model
• 14. Modeling Species Transport and Finite-Rate Chemistry
  • 14.1 Volumetric Reactions
    • 14.1.1 Theory
    • 14.1.2 Overview of User Inputs for Modeling Species Transport and Reactions
    • 14.1.3 Enabling Species Transport and Reactions and Choosing the Mixture Material
    • 14.1.4 Defining Properties for the Mixture and Its Constituent Species
    • 14.1.5 Defining Boundary Conditions for Species
    • 14.1.6 Defining Other Sources of Chemical Species
    • 14.1.7 Solution Procedures for Chemical Mixing and Finite-Rate Chemistry
    • 14.1.8 Postprocessing for Species Calculations
    • 14.1.9 Importing a Volumetric Kinetic Mechanism in CHEMKIN Format
  • 14.2 Wall Surface Reactions and Chemical Vapor Deposition
    • 14.2.1 Overview of Surface Species and Wall Surface Reactions
    • 14.2.2 Theory
    • 14.2.3 User Inputs for Wall Surface Reactions
    • 14.2.4 Solution Procedures for Wall Surface Reactions
    • 14.2.5 Postprocessing for Surface Reactions
    • 14.2.6 Importing a Surface Kinetic Mechanism in CHEMKIN Format
  • 14.3 Particle Surface Reactions
    • 14.3.1 Theory
    • 14.3.2 User Inputs for Particle Surface Reactions
    • 14.3.3 Using the Multiple Surface Reactions Model for Discrete-Phase Particle Combustion
  • 14.4 Species Transport Without Reactions
• 15. Modeling Non-Premixed Combustion
  • 15.1 Overview of Non-Premixed Combustion
    • 15.1.1 Overview of the Non-Premixed Approach
  • 15.2 Non-Premixed Combustion Theory
    • 15.2.1 Mixture Fraction Theory
    • 15.2.2 Modeling of Turbulence-Chemistry Interaction
    • 15.2.3 Non-Adiabatic Extensions of the Non-Premixed Model
    • 15.2.4 Chemistry Tabulation
    • 15.2.5 Restrictions and Special Cases for Using the Non-Premixed Model
  • 15.3 The Laminar Flamelet Model
    • 15.3.1 Introduction
    • 15.3.2 Restrictions and Assumptions
    • 15.3.3 The Flamelet Concept
    • 15.3.4 Flamelet Generation
    • 15.3.5 Flamelet Import
  • 15.4 User Inputs for the Non-Premixed Model
    • 15.4.1 Overview of the Problem Setup Procedure
    • 15.4.2 Problem Definition Using the Equilibrium Chemistry Model
    • 15.4.3 Problem Definition Using the Laminar Flamelet Model
    • 15.4.4 Defining the Stream Compositions
    • 15.4.5 Forcing the Exclusion and Inclusion of Equilibrium Species
    • 15.4.6 Defining the Flamelet Controls
    • 15.4.7 Calculating the Flamelets
    • 15.4.8 Postprocessing the Flamelet Data
    • 15.4.9 Calculating the Look-Up Tables
    • 15.4.10 Postprocessing the Look-Up Table Data
  • 15.5 Defining Non-Premixed Boundary Conditions
    • 15.5.1 Input of Mixture Fraction Boundary Conditions
    • 15.5.2 Diffusion at Inlets
    • 15.5.3 Input of Thermal Boundary Conditions and Fuel Inlet Velocities
  • 15.6 Defining Non-Premixed Physical Properties
  • 15.7 Coal Modeling Inputs in FLUENT
  • 15.8 Non-Premixed Solution Procedures
    • 15.8.1 Single-Mixture-Fraction Approach
    • 15.8.2 Two-Mixture-Fraction Approach
    • 15.8.3 Starting a Non-Premixed Calculation From a Previous Case File
    • 15.8.4 Solving the Flow Problem
  • 15.9 Postprocessing the Non-Premixed Model Results
• 16. Modeling Premixed Combustion
  • 16.1 Overview and Limitations
    • 16.1.1 Overview
    • 16.1.2 Limitations
  • 16.2 Premixed Combustion Theory
    • 16.2.1 Propagation of the Flame Front
    • 16.2.2 Turbulent Flame Speed
    • 16.2.3 Premixed Combustion Model Formulation in FLUENT
    • 16.2.4 Calculation of Temperature
    • 16.2.5 Calculation of Density
  • 16.3 Using the Premixed Combustion Model
    • 16.3.1 Enabling the Premixed Combustion Model
    • 16.3.2 Choosing an Adiabatic or Non-Adiabatic Model
    • 16.3.3 Modifying the Constants for the Premixed Combustion Model
    • 16.3.4 Defining Physical Properties for the Unburnt Mixture
    • 16.3.5 Setting Boundary Conditions for the Progress Variable
    • 16.3.6 Initializing the Progress Variable
    • 16.3.7 Postprocessing for Premixed Combustion Calculations
• 17. Modeling Partially Premixed Combustion
  • 17.1 Overview and Limitations
    • 17.1.1 Overview
    • 17.1.2 Limitations
  • 17.2 Theory
    • 17.2.1 Calculation of Scalar Quantities
    • 17.2.2 Laminar Flame Speed
  • 17.3 Using the Partially Premixed Combustion Model
    • 17.3.1 Setup and Solution Procedure
    • 17.3.2 Modifying the Unburnt Mixture Property Polynomials
• 18. The Composition PDF Transport Model
  • 18.1 Overview and Limitations
  • 18.2 Composition PDF Transport Theory
    • 18.2.1 Solution of the PDF Transport Equation
    • 18.2.2 Particle Convection
    • 18.2.3 Particle Mixing
    • 18.2.4 Particle Reaction
    • 18.2.5 The ISAT Algorithm
  • 18.3 Using the Composition PDF Transport Model
    • 18.3.1 Enabling the Composition PDF Transport Model
    • 18.3.2 Setting Integration Parameters
    • 18.3.3 Enabling KINetics from Reaction Design
    • 18.3.4 Selecting the Particle Mixing Model
    • 18.3.5 Defining the Solution Parameters
    • 18.3.6 Monitoring the Solution
    • 18.3.7 Monitoring ISAT
    • 18.3.8 Efficient Use of ISAT
    • 18.3.9 Reading and Writing ISAT Tables in Parallel
    • 18.3.10 Unsteady Composition PDF Transport Simulations
    • 18.3.11 Compressible Composition PDF Transport Simulations
    • 18.3.12 Composition PDF Transport Simulations with Conjugate Heat Transfer
    • 18.3.13 Postprocessing for Composition PDF Transport Calculations
• 19. Engine Ignition Model
  • 19.1 Spark Model
    • 19.1.1 Overview and Limitations
    • 19.1.2 Spark Model Theory
    • 19.1.3 Using the Spark Model
  • 19.2 Autoignition Model
    • 19.2.1 Overview and Limitations
    • 19.2.2 Ignition Model Theory
    • 19.2.3 Using the Autoignition Models
• 20. Modeling Pollutant Formation
  • 20.1 NOx Formation
    • 20.1.1 Overview
    • 20.1.2 Governing Equations for NOx Transport
    • 20.1.3 Thermal NOx Formation
    • 20.1.4 Prompt NOx Formation
    • 20.1.5 Fuel NOx Formation
    • 20.1.6 NOx Formation From Intermediate N $_2$O
    • 20.1.7 NOx Reduction by Reburning
    • 20.1.8 NOx Reduction by SNCR
    • 20.1.9 NOx Formation in Turbulent Flows
    • 20.1.10 Using the NOx Model
  • 20.2 Soot Formation
    • 20.2.1 Overview and Limitations
    • 20.2.2 Theory
    • 20.2.3 Using the Soot Models
• 21. Predicting Aerodynamically Generated Noise
  • 21.1 Overview
    • 21.1.1 Direct Method
    • 21.1.2 Integral Method Based on Acoustic Analogy
    • 21.1.3 Broadband Noise Source Models
  • 21.2 Acoustics Model Theory
    • 21.2.1 The Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings Model
    • 21.2.2 Broadband Noise Source Models
  • 21.3 Using the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings Acoustics Model
    • 21.3.1 Enabling the FW-H Acoustics Model
    • 21.3.2 Specifying Source Surfaces
    • 21.3.3 Specifying Acoustic Receivers
    • 21.3.4 Postprocessing for the FW-H Acoustics Model
  • 21.4 Using the Broadband Noise Source Models
    • 21.4.1 Enabling the Broadband Noise Source Models
    • 21.4.2 Postprocessing for the Broadband Noise Source Models
• 22. Introduction to Modeling Multiphase Flows
  • 22.1 Multiphase Flow Regimes
  • 22.2 Examples of Multiphase Systems
  • 22.3 Approaches to Multiphase Modeling
    • 22.3.1 The Euler-Lagrange Approach
    • 22.3.2 The Euler-Euler Approach
  • 22.4 Choosing a Multiphase Model
    • 22.4.1 General Guidelines
    • 22.4.2 Detailed Guidelines
• 23. Discrete Phase Models
  • 23.1 Overview and Limitations of the Discrete Phase Models
    • 23.1.1 Introduction
    • 23.1.2 Particles in Turbulent Flows
    • 23.1.3 Limitations
    • 23.1.4 Overview of Discrete Phase Modeling Procedures
  • 23.2 Modeling Particle Motion
    • 23.2.1 Equations of Motion for Particles
    • 23.2.2 Turbulent Dispersion of Particles
    • 23.2.3 Particle Erosion and Accretion
  • 23.3 Heat and Mass Transfer Calculations
    • 23.3.1 Particle Types in FLUENT
    • 23.3.2 Law 1/Law 6: Inert Heating or Cooling
    • 23.3.3 Law 2: Droplet Vaporization
    • 23.3.4 Law 3: Droplet Boiling
    • 23.3.5 Law 4: Devolatilization
    • 23.3.6 Law 5: Surface Combustion
  • 23.4 Spray Models
    • 23.4.1 Atomizer Models
    • 23.4.2 Droplet Collision Model
    • 23.4.3 Spray Breakup Models
    • 23.4.4 Dynamic Drag Model
  • 23.5 Wall-Film Model
    • 23.5.1 Introduction
    • 23.5.2 Interaction During Impact with a Boundary
    • 23.5.3 Splashing
    • 23.5.4 Conservation Equations for Wall-Film Particles
  • 23.6 Coupling Between the Discrete and Continuous Phases
  • 23.7 Using the Discrete Phase Models
    • 23.7.1 Overview
    • 23.7.2 Options for Interaction with Continuous Phase
    • 23.7.3 Steady/Transient Treatment of Particles
    • 23.7.4 Tracking Parameters for the Discrete Phase Model
    • 23.7.5 Alternate Drag Laws
    • 23.7.6 Physical Models for the Discrete Phase Model
    • 23.7.7 Options for Spray Modeling
    • 23.7.8 Numerics of the Discrete Phase Model
    • 23.7.9 User-Defined Functions
    • 23.7.10 Parallel Processing for the Discrete Phase Model
  • 23.8 Setting Initial Conditions for the Discrete Phase
    • 23.8.1 Overview of Initial Conditions
    • 23.8.2 Injection Types
    • 23.8.3 Particle Types
    • 23.8.4 Creating, Copying, Deleting, and Listing Injections
    • 23.8.5 Defining Injection Properties
    • 23.8.6 Point Properties for Single Injections
    • 23.8.7 Point Properties for Group Injections
    • 23.8.8 Point Properties for Cone Injections
    • 23.8.9 Point Properties for Surface Injections
    • 23.8.10 Point Properties for Plain-Orifice Atomizer Injections
    • 23.8.11 Point Properties for Pressure-Swirl Atomizer Injections
    • 23.8.12 Point Properties for Air-Blast/Air-Assist Atomizer Injections
    • 23.8.13 Point Properties for Flat-Fan Atomizer Injections
    • 23.8.14 Point Properties for Effervescent Atomizer Injections
    • 23.8.15 Modeling Turbulent Dispersion of Particles
    • 23.8.16 Custom Particle Laws
    • 23.8.17 Defining Properties Common to More Than One Injection
  • 23.9 Setting Boundary Conditions for the Discrete Phase
    • 23.9.1 Discrete Phase Boundary Condition Types
    • 23.9.2 Inputs for Discrete Phase Boundary Conditions
  • 23.10 Setting Material Properties for the Discrete Phase
    • 23.10.1 Summary of Property Inputs
    • 23.10.2 Setting Discrete-Phase Physical Properties
  • 23.11 Calculation Procedures for the Discrete Phase
    • 23.11.1 Integration of Particle Equation of Motion
    • 23.11.2 Performing Trajectory Calculations
    • 23.11.3 Resetting the Interphase Exchange Terms
  • 23.12 Postprocessing for the Discrete Phase
    • 23.12.1 Graphical Display of Trajectories
    • 23.12.2 Reporting of Trajectory Fates
    • 23.12.3 Step-by-Step Reporting of Trajectories
    • 23.12.4 Reporting Current Positions for Unsteady Tracking
    • 23.12.5 Reporting of Interphase Exchange Terms and Discrete Phase Concentration
    • 23.12.6 Trajectory Sampling
    • 23.12.7 Histogram Reporting of Samples
    • 23.12.8 Summary Reporting of Current Particles
    • 23.12.9 Postprocessing of Erosion/Accretion Rates
• 24. General Multiphase Models
  • 24.1 Choosing a General Multiphase Model
    • 24.1.1 Overview and Limitations of the VOF Model
    • 24.1.2 Overview and Limitations of the Mixture Model
    • 24.1.3 Overview and Limitations of the Eulerian Model
  • 24.2 Volume of Fluid (VOF) Model
    • 24.2.1 The Volume Fraction Equation
    • 24.2.2 Properties
    • 24.2.3 The Momentum Equation
    • 24.2.4 The Energy Equation
    • 24.2.5 Additional Scalar Equations
    • 24.2.6 Interpolation Near the Interface
    • 24.2.7 Time Dependence
    • 24.2.8 Surface Tension and Wall Adhesion
    • 24.2.9 Open Channel Flow
  • 24.3 Mixture Model
    • 24.3.1 Continuity Equation for the Mixture
    • 24.3.2 Momentum Equation for the Mixture
    • 24.3.3 Energy Equation for the Mixture
    • 24.3.4 Relative (Slip) Velocity and the Drift Velocity
    • 24.3.5 Volume Fraction Equation for the Secondary Phases
    • 24.3.6 Granular Properties in the Mixture Model
    • 24.3.7 Granular Temperature
    • 24.3.8 Solids Pressure in the Mixture Model
  • 24.4 Eulerian Model
    • 24.4.1 Volume Fractions
    • 24.4.2 Conservation Equations
    • 24.4.3 Interphase Exchange Coefficients
    • 24.4.4 Solids Pressure
    • 24.4.5 Maximum Packing Limit in Binary Mixtures
    • 24.4.6 Solids Shear Stresses
    • 24.4.7 Granular Temperature
    • 24.4.8 Description of Heat Transfer
    • 24.4.9 Turbulence Models
    • 24.4.10 Solution Method in FLUENT
  • 24.5 Wet Steam Model
    • 24.5.1 Overview of the Wet Steam Model
    • 24.5.2 Restrictions and Limitations of the Wet Steam Model
    • 24.5.3 Theory and Equations of the Wet Steam Model
  • 24.6 Description of Mass Transfer
    • 24.6.1 Source Terms Due to Mass Transfer
    • 24.6.2 Unidirectional Constant Rate Mass Transfer
    • 24.6.3 UDF-Prescribed Mass Transfer
    • 24.6.4 Mass Transfer through Cavitation
  • 24.7 Multiphase Species Transport
    • 24.7.1 Limitations
    • 24.7.2 Mass and Momentum Transfer with Multiphase Species Transport
  • 24.8 Setting Up a General Multiphase Problem
    • 24.8.1 Steps for Using the General Multiphase Models
    • 24.8.2 Additional Guidelines for Eulerian Multiphase Simulations
    • 24.8.3 Enabling the Multiphase Model and Specifying the Number of Phases
    • 24.8.4 Selecting the VOF Formulation
    • 24.8.5 Modeling Open Channel Flows
    • 24.8.6 Defining a Homogeneous Multiphase Flow
    • 24.8.7 Overview of Defining the Phases
    • 24.8.8 Defining Phases for the VOF Model
    • 24.8.9 Defining Phases for the Mixture Model
    • 24.8.10 Defining Phases for the Eulerian Model
    • 24.8.11 Selecting a Turbulence Model for an Eulerian Multiphase Calculation
    • 24.8.12 Including Body Forces
    • 24.8.13 Modeling Multiphase Species Transport
    • 24.8.14 Defining Heterogeneous Reactions
    • 24.8.15 Defining Heat Transfer for the Eulerian Model
    • 24.8.16 Defining Mass Transfer Effects
    • 24.8.17 Including Cavitation Effects
    • 24.8.18 Setting Time-Dependent Parameters for the VOF Model
    • 24.8.19 Setting Boundary Conditions
    • 24.8.20 Setting Initial Volume Fractions
    • 24.8.21 Inputs for Compressible VOF and Mixture Model Calculations
    • 24.8.22 Inputs for Solidification/Melting VOF Calculations
    • 24.8.23 Using the Wet Steam Model
  • 24.9 Solution Strategies for General Multiphase Problems
    • 24.9.1 Solution Strategies for the VOF Model
    • 24.9.2 Solution Strategies for the Mixture Model
    • 24.9.3 Solution Strategies for the Eulerian Model
    • 24.9.4 Solving Wet Steam Flow
  • 24.10 Postprocessing for General Multiphase Problems
    • 24.10.1 Available Postprocessing Variables
    • 24.10.2 Displaying Velocity Vectors for Individual Phases
    • 24.10.3 Reporting Fluxes for Individual Phases
    • 24.10.4 Reporting Forces on Walls for Individual Phases
    • 24.10.5 Reporting Flow Rates for Individual Phases
• 25. Modeling Solidification and Melting
  • 25.1 Overview and Limitations of the Solidification/Melting Model
    • 25.1.1 Overview
    • 25.1.2 Limitations
  • 25.2 Theory for the Solidification/Melting Model
    • 25.2.1 Energy Equation
    • 25.2.2 Momentum Equations
    • 25.2.3 Turbulence Equations
    • 25.2.4 Species Equations
    • 25.2.5 Pull Velocity for Continuous Casting
    • 25.2.6 Contact Resistance at Walls
  • 25.3 Using the Solidification/Melting Model
    • 25.3.1 Setup Procedure
    • 25.3.2 Procedures for Modeling Continuous Casting
    • 25.3.3 Solution Procedure
    • 25.3.4 Postprocessing
• 26. Using the Solver
  • 26.1 Overview of Numerical Schemes
    • 26.1.1 Segregated Solution Method
    • 26.1.2 Coupled Solution Method
    • 26.1.3 Linearization: Implicit vs. Explicit
  • 26.2 Discretization
    • 26.2.1 First-Order Upwind Scheme
    • 26.2.2 Power-Law Scheme
    • 26.2.3 Second-Order Upwind Scheme
    • 26.2.4 QUICK Scheme
    • 26.2.5 Third-Order MUSCL Scheme
    • 26.2.6 Central-Differencing Scheme
    • 26.2.7 Bounded Central Differencing Scheme
    • 26.2.8 Low Diffusion Second Order Scheme
    • 26.2.9 Modified HRIC Scheme
    • 26.2.10 Linearized Form of the Discrete Equation
    • 26.2.11 Under-Relaxation
    • 26.2.12 Temporal Discretization
    • 26.2.13 Evaluation of Derivatives
  • 26.3 The Segregated Solver
    • 26.3.1 Discretization of the Momentum Equation
    • 26.3.2 Discretization of the Continuity Equation
    • 26.3.3 Pressure-Velocity Coupling
    • 26.3.4 Steady-State and Time-Dependent Calculations
  • 26.4 The Coupled Solver
    • 26.4.1 Governing Equations in Vector Form
    • 26.4.2 Preconditioning
    • 26.4.3 Time Marching for Steady-State Flows
    • 26.4.4 Temporal Discretization for Unsteady Flows
  • 26.5 Multigrid Method
    • 26.5.1 Approach
    • 26.5.2 Multigrid Cycles
    • 26.5.3 Algebraic Multigrid (AMG)
    • 26.5.4 Full-Approximation Storage (FAS) Multigrid
  • 26.6 Choosing the Solver Formulation
  • 26.7 Overview of How to Use the Solver
  • 26.8 Choosing the Discretization Scheme
    • 26.8.1 First Order vs. Second Order
    • 26.8.2 Other Discretization Schemes
    • 26.8.3 Choosing the Pressure Interpolation Scheme
    • 26.8.4 Choosing the Density Interpolation Scheme
    • 26.8.5 User Inputs
  • 26.9 Choosing the Pressure-Velocity Coupling Method
    • 26.9.1 SIMPLE vs. SIMPLEC
    • 26.9.2 PISO
    • 26.9.3 Fractional Step Method
    • 26.9.4 User Inputs
  • 26.10 Setting Under-Relaxation Factors
  • 26.11 Setting Solution Controls for the Non-Iterative Solver
  • 26.12 Changing the Courant Number
    • 26.12.1 Courant Numbers for the Coupled Explicit Solver
    • 26.12.2 Courant Numbers for the Coupled Implicit Solver
    • 26.12.3 User Inputs
  • 26.13 Turning On FAS Multigrid
    • 26.13.1 Setting Coarse Grid Levels
  • 26.14 Setting Solution Limits
  • 26.15 Initializing the Solution
    • 26.15.1 Initializing the Entire Flow Field
    • 26.15.2 Patching Values in Selected Cells
  • 26.16 Full Multigrid (FMG) Initialization
    • 26.16.1 Overview of FMG Initialization
    • 26.16.2 Using FMG Initialization
    • 26.16.3 Convergence Strategies for FMG Initialization
  • 26.17 Performing Steady-State Calculations
  • 26.18 Performing Time-Dependent Calculations
    • 26.18.1 User Inputs for Time-Dependent Problems
    • 26.18.2 Adaptive Time Stepping
    • 26.18.3 Variable Time Stepping
    • 26.18.4 Postprocessing for Time-Dependent Problems
  • 26.19 Monitoring Solution Convergence
    • 26.19.1 Monitoring Residuals
    • 26.19.2 Monitoring Statistics
    • 26.19.3 Monitoring Forces and Moments
    • 26.19.4 Monitoring Surface Integrals
    • 26.19.5 Monitoring Volume Integrals
  • 26.20 Animating the Solution
    • 26.20.1 Defining an Animation Sequence
    • 26.20.2 Playing an Animation Sequence
    • 26.20.3 Saving an Animation Sequence
    • 26.20.4 Reading an Animation Sequence
  • 26.21 Importing and Exporting Particle History Data
    • 26.21.1 Importing Particle History Data
    • 26.21.2 Exporting Particle History Data
  • 26.22 Executing Commands During the Calculation
    • 26.22.1 Specifying the Commands to be Executed
    • 26.22.2 Defining Macros
    • 26.22.3 Saving Files During the Calculation
  • 26.23 Managing Acoustic Signal Data
  • 26.24 Convergence and Stability
    • 26.24.1 Judging Convergence
    • 26.24.2 Step-by-Step Solution Processes
    • 26.24.3 Modifying Algebraic Multigrid Parameters
    • 26.24.4 Setting FAS Multigrid Parameters
    • 26.24.5 Modifying Multi-Stage Time-Stepping Parameters
• 27. Grid Adaption
  • 27.1 Using Adaption
    • 27.1.1 Adaption Example
    • 27.1.2 Adaption Guidelines
  • 27.2 Static Adaption Process
    • 27.2.1 Hanging Node Adaption
    • 27.2.2 Conformal Adaption
    • 27.2.3 Conformal vs. Hanging Node Adaption
  • 27.3 Boundary Adaption
    • 27.3.1 Performing Boundary Adaption
  • 27.4 Gradient Adaption
    • 27.4.1 Gradient Adaption Approach
    • 27.4.2 Performing Gradient Adaption
  • 27.5 Dynamic Gradient Adaption
    • 27.5.1 Dynamic Gradient Adaption Approach
  • 27.6 Isovalue Adaption
    • 27.6.1 Performing Isovalue Adaption
  • 27.7 Region Adaption
    • 27.7.1 Defining a Region
    • 27.7.2 Region Adaption Example
    • 27.7.3 Performing Region Adaption
  • 27.8 Volume Adaption
    • 27.8.1 Approach
    • 27.8.2 Volume Adaption Example
    • 27.8.3 Performing Volume Adaption
  • 27.9 Yplus/Ystar Adaption
    • 27.9.1 Approach
    • 27.9.2 Performing Yplus or Ystar Adaption
  • 27.10 Geometry Based Adaption
    • 27.10.1 Approach
    • 27.10.2 Performing Geometry Based Adaption
  • 27.11 Registers
    • 27.11.1 Manipulating Adaption Registers
    • 27.11.2 Modifying Adaption Marks
    • 27.11.3 Displaying Registers
    • 27.11.4 Adapting to Registers
  • 27.12 Grid Adaption Controls
  • 27.13 Improving the Grid by Smoothing and Swapping
    • 27.13.1 Smoothing
    • 27.13.2 Face Swapping
    • 27.13.3 Combining Skewness-Based Smoothing and Face Swapping
• 28. Creating Surfaces for Displaying and Reporting Data
  • 28.1 Using Surfaces
  • 28.2 Zone Surfaces
  • 28.3 Partition Surfaces
  • 28.4 Point Surfaces
    • 28.4.1 Using the Point Tool
  • 28.5 Line and Rake Surfaces
    • 28.5.1 Using the Line Tool
  • 28.6 Plane Surfaces
    • 28.6.1 Using the Plane Tool
  • 28.7 Quadric Surfaces
  • 28.8 Isosurfaces
  • 28.9 Clipping Surfaces
  • 28.10 Transforming Surfaces
  • 28.11 Grouping, Renaming, and Deleting Surfaces
• 29. Graphics and Visualization
  • 29.1 Basic Graphics Generation
    • 29.1.1 Displaying the Grid
    • 29.1.2 Displaying Contours and Profiles
    • 29.1.3 Displaying Vectors
    • 29.1.4 Displaying Pathlines
    • 29.1.5 Displaying Results on a Sweep Surface
  • 29.2 Customizing the Graphics Display
    • 29.2.1 Overlay of Graphics
    • 29.2.2 Opening Multiple Graphics Windows
    • 29.2.3 Controlling Captions
    • 29.2.4 Adding Text to the Graphics Window
    • 29.2.5 Changing the Colormap
    • 29.2.6 Adding Lights
    • 29.2.7 Modifying the Rendering Options
  • 29.3 Controlling the Mouse Button Functions
  • 29.4 Modifying the View
    • 29.4.1 Scaling, Centering, Rotating, Translating, and Zooming the Display
    • 29.4.2 Controlling Perspective and Camera Parameters
    • 29.4.3 Saving and Restoring Views
    • 29.4.4 Mirroring and Periodic Repeats
  • 29.5 Composing a Scene
    • 29.5.1 Selecting the Object(s) to be Manipulated
    • 29.5.2 Changing an Object's Display Properties
    • 29.5.3 Transforming Geometric Objects in a Scene
    • 29.5.4 Modifying Iso-Values
    • 29.5.5 Modifying Pathline Attributes
    • 29.5.6 Deleting an Object from the Scene
    • 29.5.7 Adding a Bounding Frame
  • 29.6 Animating Graphics
    • 29.6.1 Creating an Animation
    • 29.6.2 Playing an Animation
    • 29.6.3 Saving an Animation
    • 29.6.4 Reading an Animation File
    • 29.6.5 Notes on Animation
  • 29.7 Creating Videos
    • 29.7.1 Recording Animations To Video
    • 29.7.2 Equipment Required
    • 29.7.3 Recording an Animation with FLUENT
    • 29.7.4 General Information
  • 29.8 Histogram and XY Plots
    • 29.8.1 Plot Types
    • 29.8.2 XY Plots of Solution Data
    • 29.8.3 XY Plots of File Data
    • 29.8.4 XY Plots of Circumferential Averages
    • 29.8.5 XY Plot File Format
    • 29.8.6 Residual Plots
    • 29.8.7 Solution Histograms
    • 29.8.8 Modifying Axis Attributes
    • 29.8.9 Modifying Curve Attributes
  • 29.9 Turbomachinery Postprocessing
    • 29.9.1 Defining the Turbomachinery Topology
    • 29.9.2 Generating Reports of Turbomachinery Data
    • 29.9.3 Displaying Turbomachinery Averaged Contours
    • 29.9.4 Displaying Turbomachinery 2D Contours
    • 29.9.5 Generating Averaged XY Plots of Turbomachinery Solution Data
    • 29.9.6 Globally Setting the Turbomachinery Topology
    • 29.9.7 Turbomachinery-Specific Variables
  • 29.10 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Postprocessing
    • 29.10.1 Limitations of the FFT Algorithm
    • 29.10.2 Windowing
    • 29.10.3 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
    • 29.10.4 Using the FFT Utility
• 30. Alphanumeric Reporting
  • 30.1 Reporting Conventions
  • 30.2 Fluxes Through Boundaries
    • 30.2.1 Generating a Flux Report
  • 30.3 Forces on Boundaries
    • 30.3.1 Computing Forces and Moments
    • 30.3.2 Generating a Force or Moment Report
  • 30.4 Projected Surface Area Calculations
  • 30.5 Surface Integration
    • 30.5.1 Computing Surface Integrals
    • 30.5.2 Generating a Surface Integral Report
  • 30.6 Volume Integration
    • 30.6.1 Computing Volume Integrals
    • 30.6.2 Generating a Volume Integral Report
  • 30.7 Histogram Reports
  • 30.8 Reference Values
    • 30.8.1 Setting Reference Values
    • 30.8.2 Setting the Reference Zone
  • 30.9 Summary Reports of Case Settings
    • 30.9.1 Generating a Summary Report
• 31. Field Function Definitions
  • 31.1 Node, Cell, and Facet Values
    • 31.1.1 Cell Values
    • 31.1.2 Node Values
    • 31.1.3 Facet Values
  • 31.2 Velocity Reporting Options
  • 31.3 Field Variables Listed by Category
  • 31.4 Alphabetical Listing of Field Variables and Their Definitions
  • 31.5 Custom Field Functions
    • 31.5.1 Creating a Custom Field Function
    • 31.5.2 Manipulating, Saving, and Loading Custom Field Functions
    • 31.5.3 Sample Custom Field Functions
• 32. Parallel Processing
  • 32.1 Introduction to Parallel Processing
  • 32.2 Starting the Parallel Version of the Solver
    • 32.2.1 Starting the Parallel Solver on a UNIX System
    • 32.2.2 Starting the Parallel Solver on a LINUX System
    • 32.2.3 Starting the Parallel Solver on a Windows System
  • 32.3 Using the Fluent Launcher (Windows only)
    • 32.3.1 Fluent Launcher Path Setup
    • 32.3.2 Fluent Launcher Machine Setup
    • 32.3.3 Fluent Launcher Example
  • 32.4 Using a Parallel Network of Workstations
    • 32.4.1 Configuring the Network
    • 32.4.2 The Hosts Database
    • 32.4.3 Checking Network Connectivity
  • 32.5 Partitioning the Grid
    • 32.5.1 Overview of Grid Partitioning
    • 32.5.2 Partitioning the Grid Automatically
    • 32.5.3 Partitioning the Grid Manually
    • 32.5.4 Grid Partitioning Methods
    • 32.5.5 Checking the Partitions
    • 32.5.6 Load Distribution
  • 32.6 Checking and Improving Parallel Performance
    • 32.6.1 Checking Parallel Performance
    • 32.6.2 Improving Input/Output Speed
    • 32.6.3 Optimizing the Parallel Solver
  • 32.7 Running Parallel FLUENT under SGE
    • 32.7.1 Overview of FLUENT and SGE Integration
    • 32.7.2 Configuring SGE for FLUENT
    • 32.7.3 Running a FLUENT Simulation under SGE
  • 32.8 Running Parallel FLUENT under LSF
    • 32.8.1 Overview of FLUENT and LSF Integration
    • 32.8.2 Checkpointing and Restarting
    • 32.8.3 Configuring LSF for FLUENT
    • 32.8.4 Submitting a FLUENT Job
    • 32.8.5 Checkpointing FLUENT Jobs
    • 32.8.6 Restarting FLUENT Jobs
    • 32.8.7 Migrating FLUENT Jobs
    • 32.8.8 Using FLUENT and LSF
  • 32.9 Running Parallel FLUENT under Other Resource Management Tools
• 33. Reference Guide
  • 33.1 File Menu
    • 33.1.1 File/Read/Case...
    • 33.1.2 File/Read/Data...
    • 33.1.3 File/Read/Case & Data...
    • 33.1.4 File/Read/PDF...
    • 33.1.5 File/Read/DTRM Rays...
    • 33.1.6 File/Read/View Factors...
    • 33.1.7 File/Read/Profile...
    • 33.1.8 File/Read/ISAT Table...
    • 33.1.9 File/Read/Scheme...
    • 33.1.10 File/Read/Journal...
    • 33.1.11 File/Write/Case...
    • 33.1.12 File/Write/Data...
    • 33.1.13 File/Write/Case & Data...
    • 33.1.14 File/Write/PDF...
    • 33.1.15 File/Write/Flamelet...
    • 33.1.16 File/Write/Profile...
    • 33.1.17 File/Write/Autosave...
    • 33.1.18 File/Write/Boundary Grid...
    • 33.1.19 File/Write/Surface Clusters...
    • 33.1.20 File/Write/ISAT Table...
    • 33.1.21 File/Write/Start Journal...
    • 33.1.22 File/Write/Stop Journal
    • 33.1.23 File/Write/Start Transcript...
    • 33.1.24 File/Write/Stop Transcript
    • 33.1.25 File/Import/ANSYS...
    • 33.1.26 File/Import/CGNS/Mesh...
    • 33.1.27 File/Import/CGNS/Data...
    • 33.1.28 File/Import/CGNS/Mesh & Data...
    • 33.1.29 File/Import/FIDAP...
    • 33.1.30 File/Import/GAMBIT...
    • 33.1.31 File/Import/I-deas Universal...
    • 33.1.32 File/Import/NASTRAN...
    • 33.1.33 File/Import/PATRAN...
    • 33.1.34 File/Import/FLUENT 4 Case File...
    • 33.1.35 File/Import/PreBFC File...
    • 33.1.36 File/Import/Partition/Metis...
    • 33.1.37 File/Import/Partition/Metis Zone...
    • 33.1.38 File/Import/CHEMKIN Mechanism...
    • 33.1.39 File/Export...
    • 33.1.40 File/Interpolate...
    • 33.1.41 File/Hardcopy...
    • 33.1.42 File/Batch Options...
    • 33.1.43 File/Save Layout
    • 33.1.44 File/Run...
    • 33.1.45 File/RSF...
    • 33.1.46 File/Exit
  • 33.2 Grid Menu
    • 33.2.1 Grid/Check
    • 33.2.2 Grid/Info/Size
    • 33.2.3 Grid/Info/Memory Usage
    • 33.2.4 Grid/Info/Zones
    • 33.2.5 Grid/Info/Partitions
    • 33.2.6 Grid/Merge...
    • 33.2.7 Grid/Separate/Faces...
    • 33.2.8 Grid/Separate/Cells...
    • 33.2.9 Grid/Fuse...
    • 33.2.10 Grid/Zone/Append Case File...
    • 33.2.11 Grid/Zone/Append Case & Data Files...
    • 33.2.12 Grid/Zone/Replace...
    • 33.2.13 Grid/Zone/Delete...
    • 33.2.14 Grid/Zone/Deactivate...
    • 33.2.15 Grid/Zone/Activate...
    • 33.2.16 Grid/Surface Mesh...
    • 33.2.17 Grid/Reorder/Domain
    • 33.2.18 Grid/Reorder/Zones
    • 33.2.19 Grid/Reorder/Print Bandwidth
    • 33.2.20 Grid/Scale...
    • 33.2.21 Grid/Translate...
    • 33.2.22 Grid/Rotate...
    • 33.2.23 Grid/Smooth/Swap...
  • 33.3 Define Menu
    • 33.3.1 Define/Models/Solver...
    • 33.3.2 Define/Models/Multiphase...
    • 33.3.3 Define/Models/Energy...
    • 33.3.4 Define/Models/Viscous...
    • 33.3.5 Define/Models/Radiation...
    • 33.3.6 Define/Models/Species/Transport & Reaction...
    • 33.3.7 Define/Models/Species/Spark Ignition...
    • 33.3.8 Define/Models/Species/Autoignition...
    • 33.3.9 Define/Models/Species/NOx...
    • 33.3.10 Define/Models/Species/Soot...
    • 33.3.11 Define/Models/Discrete Phase...
    • 33.3.12 Define/Models/Solidification & Melting...
    • 33.3.13 Define/Models/Acoustics...
    • 33.3.14 Define/Materials...
    • 33.3.15 Define/Phases...
    • 33.3.16 Define/Operating Conditions...
    • 33.3.17 Define/Boundary Conditions...
    • 33.3.18 Define/Periodic Conditions...
    • 33.3.19 Define/Grid Interfaces...
    • 33.3.20 Define/Dynamic Mesh/Parameters...
    • 33.3.21 Define/Dynamic Mesh/Zones...
    • 33.3.22 Define/Dynamic Mesh/Events...
    • 33.3.23 Define/Mixing Planes...
    • 33.3.24 Define/Turbo Topology...
    • 33.3.25 Define/Injections...
    • 33.3.26 Define/DTRM Rays...
    • 33.3.27 Define/Custom Field Functions...
    • 33.3.28 Define/Profiles...
    • 33.3.29 Define/Units...
    • 33.3.30 Define/User-Defined/Functions/Interpreted...
    • 33.3.31 Define/User-Defined/Functions/Compiled...
    • 33.3.32 Define/User-Defined/Functions/Manage...
    • 33.3.33 Define/User-Defined/Function Hooks...
    • 33.3.34 Define/User-Defined/Execute on Demand...
    • 33.3.35 Define/User-Defined/Scalars...
    • 33.3.36 Define/User-Defined/Memory...
    • 33.3.37 Define/User-Defined/Fan Model...
    • 33.3.38 Define/User-Defined/Heat Exchanger...
    • 33.3.39 Define/User-Defined/Heat Exchanger Group...
    • 33.3.40 Define/User-Defined/1D Coupling...
  • 33.4 Solve Menu
    • 33.4.1 Solve/Controls/Solution...
    • 33.4.2 Solve/Controls/Multigrid...
    • 33.4.3 Solve/Controls/Limits...
    • 33.4.4 Solve/Controls/Multi-Stage...
    • 33.4.5 Solve/Initialize/Initialize...
    • 33.4.6 Solve/Initialize/Patch...
    • 33.4.7 Solve/Initialize/Reset DPM Sources
    • 33.4.8 Solve/Initialize/Reset Statistics
    • 33.4.9 Solve/Monitors/Residual...
    • 33.4.10 Solve/Monitors/Statistic...
    • 33.4.11 Solve/Monitors/Force...
    • 33.4.12 Solve/Monitors/Surface...
    • 33.4.13 Solve/Monitors/Volume...
    • 33.4.14 Solve/Animate/Define...
    • 33.4.15 Solve/Animate/Playback...
    • 33.4.16 Solve/Mesh Motion...
    • 33.4.17 Solve/Particle History/Export Particle Data...
    • 33.4.18 Solve/Particle History/Import Particle Data...
    • 33.4.19 Solve/Execute Commands...
    • 33.4.20 Solve/Iterate...
    • 33.4.21 Solve/Acoustic Signals...
  • 33.5 Adapt Menu
    • 33.5.1 Adapt/Boundary...
    • 33.5.2 Adapt/Gradient...
    • 33.5.3 Adapt/Iso-Value...
    • 33.5.4 Adapt/Region...
    • 33.5.5 Adapt/Volume...
    • 33.5.6 Adapt/Yplus/Ystar...
    • 33.5.7 Adapt/Manage...
    • 33.5.8 Adapt/Controls...
    • 33.5.9 Adapt/Geometry...
    • 33.5.10 Adapt/Display Options...
    • 33.5.11 Adapt/Smooth/Swap...
  • 33.6 Surface Menu
    • 33.6.1 Surface/Zone...
    • 33.6.2 Surface/Partition...
    • 33.6.3 Surface/Point...
    • 33.6.4 Surface/Line/Rake...
    • 33.6.5 Surface/Plane...
    • 33.6.6 Surface/Quadric...
    • 33.6.7 Surface/Iso-Surface...
    • 33.6.8 Surface/Iso-Clip...
    • 33.6.9 Surface/Transform...
    • 33.6.10 Surface/Manage...
  • 33.7 Display Menu
    • 33.7.1 Display/Grid...
    • 33.7.2 Display/Contours...
    • 33.7.3 Display/Vectors...
    • 33.7.4 Display/Path Lines...
    • 33.7.5 Display/Particle Tracks...
    • 33.7.6 Display/DTRM Graphics...